Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Age Difference in Relationships - 855 Words

Age Difference in Relationships The importance of age differences in romantic relationships have been a topic of debate for a long time in American society. It is not uncommon to see older men with much younger women and it is becoming more and more common to see older women with younger men. Still, many people wonder about whether or not it is a good thing to be in a relationship with a large age gap. The issues that are involved in the subject of age gaps in relationships range from social stigmas, interests, family, time, and more. These potential problems are being discussed by sociologists and the results are being written about in magazines across the country, all trying to answer the question of whether or not age really matters†¦show more content†¦I dont feel older all the time, just when I look in the mirror (Brady 1). The same is true for men who are dating younger women, some feel that there is a duty to stay in shape and shield their younger partner from their signs of aging. However, most co uples will say that it is more important to have an intellectual connection rather than a purely physical relationship. In interviews with couples who are in age-gap relationships show that there is a common concern about the permanence of their time together. When your husband or wife is 10 years older than you the idea of death is much more real and can be a burden on the relationship. As one man who is 23 years older than his wife explains, We have different horizons. I know Im going to be dead way too soon, and it makes me sick, (Brady 1). This is one of the realities that people face the further apart they are in age. Although large age differences are seen more often these days, statistics show that the mean age gap for marriages is only 2.2 years. This means that if you are in a relationship with someone that is 10 or even just 5 years older than you you are not a part of the social norm in America. Some people may prefer to stay out of these types of relationships because they feel that they will be judged by society. However some people embrace this fact, such as Elizabeth who is 13 years older than her husband, If youre very conscious of how far your relationshipShow MoreRelatedArgumentive Essay on Age Differences in Relationships1868 Words   |  8 Pageshow long the relationship may be, we never know who out there will be the one we call our mate. You may have similar interests, backgrounds or have the same  sense of humor, but through it all one question sticks out among many folks out in the world today. Does age have a bearing on whether or not to enter a relationship? Some feel that you will eventually fall in love with someone half your age but the thing is how can you tell? And is that a deciding factor in getting in a relationship? Many are opposedRead MoreDoes Age Matter Within A Relationship?1550 Words   |  7 PagesDoes Age Matter in a Relationship? Does age matter in a relationship? What is an acceptable age gap in today’s society? I used to believe that age was a defining factor in the equation of a successful relationship. A few years ago, I might have agreed with many people’s opinion on the matter. However, after experiencing a relationship with a man who is 14 years older than myself, who is now my fiancà ©, my perspective has changed completely. I am happier than I have ever been in any relationship, withRead MoreAge Matter in Relationship Essay1005 Words   |  5 PagesAge Matter in Relationship Recently , relationship statistics indicate that most people have a partner that is probably close to their age . There is a little bit difference in age between them . They have a concept that this little difference in age gives them the opportunity to be closer mentally and the way of thinking. As they keep in their minds the computability in their long-term relationships . Actually , these kinds of people long for someone who understand them , appreciate them and careRead MoreLove And Age Should Not Matter951 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to the topic of love, several people don t know right from wrong. It is said that when people are in love, they are in another world. Most people tend to start relationships at the age of sixteen or even younger. Whether you are ten or eighteen, should the age really matter if you are in love? Would it be better if the guy was older than the girl? When going out with someone older, are there any limits? When it comes to love, the funny thi ng about the situation is that sometimes theRead MoreDiscuss how age, social position and race impact the relationship between Othello and Desdemona749 Words   |  3 PagesDiscuss how age, social position and race impact the relationship between Othello and Desdemona? â€Å"She loved me for the dangers I had passd, And I loved her that she did pity them This only is the witchcraft I have used.† –Othello (act 1, scene 3, 167-169) Othello and Desdemona’s manifestly love-filled relationship was somewhat shielded by society’s views of the age, social position and race differences, that would evidently cause implications. In the late sixteenth century, the time in whichRead MoreRelationships Between Siblings And Siblings1286 Words   |  6 PagesSiblings have one of the strongest bonds when it comes to relationships. Sibling can argue one day but the next day they will be back to being friends. The sibling bond can last for ages. The communication between siblings can depend on various aspects. Communication between two people is important for the relationship to grow. Without communication, the relationship can have many problems and will not grow. Age difference, puberty, closeness, and early adulthood are aspects that have effects thatRead MoreSimilarities And Differences In Marriage In The Elizabethan Era992 Words   |  4 PagesMarriage, a tradition that has been practiced throughout histo ry, unifies two people in a personal relationship. Marriage has been a topic of controversy for ages. Whether it be in ancient Greece, in the Elizabethan Era, or in modern times, there are differences and similarities in marriages and relationships between these three time periods. As shown in William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, marriages in ancient Greece were very strict. Marrying someone during the Elizabethan Era meantRead MoreDoes Age Matter In Relationships813 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Does age matter in relationships? There is a  funny thing about  love. And that is the fact you never tell as to whom your mate will be. Regardless of how long the relationship may be, we never know who out there will be the one we call our mate. Most people think that age difference between two people that love each other won’t work out. Age is nothing but a number and it shouldn’t stop people from being together. Age is a problem to people because they think that there is no way the relationshipRead MoreNew York Youth Center ( N.y.y.c )962 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween the ages of 10 and 12. Around these ages they start breaking curfew, cutting classes, drinking and other status delinquent behaviors. The relationship children have between their parents is the most significant factor in preventing delinquent acts. N.Y.Y.C will aim to ensure that a child is not being neglected. One example is if the parents are always busy at work, the child will not get any form of discipline from his/her parents. This will result in a disobedient relationship with his orRead MoreAmerican National Election Studies : Race, Political Party And Gender Essay1108 Words   |  5 PagesLike-dislike Obama questions, a one-way ANOVA was ran. The null hypothesis stated there was no difference in how much they like-dislike Obama based on political party affiliation. The research hypothesis stated there would be a difference on how much someone likes-dislikes Obama based on political party affiliation. The test was significant (F(2, 317) = 42.47, p .01), which indicates that there is a difference between the independent variable political party and dependent variable like-dislike Obama

Monday, December 16, 2019

Ryanair Pestel Free Essays

Complete a PEST(EL) analysis as preparation for a scenario planning exercise next week. POLITICAL: †¢Due to severe security measures, they had to cancel 279 flights and refunded 2. 7mâ‚ ¬. We will write a custom essay sample on Ryanair Pestel or any similar topic only for you Order Now A loss of 1. 9mâ‚ ¬ in reduced bookings †¢Aer Lingus was fundamentally opposed to a merger with Ryanair, even if it raises its price †¢12. 6 % of the shareholding controlled by Aer Lingus, whose members rejected the offer by a 97% majority vote †¢Opposed to the BAA airport monopoly plans to build a 4bn gold plated Taj Mahal at Stansted SOCIAL: †¢Europe’s leading budget airline August 2006, Air Transport World magazine- most profitable airline in the world †¢72% negative response from a poll of readers of the Financial Times for one of its initiatives †¢In 2006, its employees count by more than 700, to 3. 500 people, comprising over 25 different nationalities †¢In 2006, it was voted the world’s least favourite airline because of the unfriendly staff, delays and poor legroom †¢The airline formerly refused to provide accommodation or meal vouchers when flights were cancelled or delayed, until it became illegal to do so in 2005 ENVIRONMENTAL: †¢Deploying more efficient aircraft that use less fuel and produce less pollution †¢Concerns about greenhouse gases from carbon emissions †¢Replace its fleet of old aircraft with new, more environmentally-friendly aircraft, reducing the average age of its fleet to 2. 4 years †¢New aircraft produced 50% less emissions, 45% less fuel burn and 45% lower noise emissions per sea ECONOMIC: Its average paid was 49612â‚ ¬, a higher figure than any other major European airline †¢August 2006, Air Transport World magazine- most profitable airline in the world †¢Cost-cutting/yield-enhancing measures for passenger check-in and luggage handling could save more than 1â‚ ¬ per passenger †¢Web based check-in and priority boarding, save costs on check-in staff and airport facilities, as well as time †¢By tailoring rosters, they maximised productivity and time off for crew members TECHNOLOGICAL: †¢Web based check-in and priority boarding †¢Fleet of over 100 new Boeing 737-800 aircraft and firm orders for a further 138 new aircraft to be delivered over the next six years †¢Stronger passenger safety: body searched, banned from carrying liquids and gels in their carry-on luggage LEGAL: †¢Complying with EU regulations which impose a ceiling on pilot flying hours to prevent dangerous fatigue †¢In litigation with various airport over landing charges Accused it of misleading passengers on its website by exaggerating the prices of its competitors in making comparisons †¢Following flight cancellations due to increase in security measures, they decided to file two legal cases against UK government †¢In 2005, new legislation that offered compensation cost to passengers affected by delays, cancellations or denied boarding How to cite Ryanair Pestel, Papers

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Strategic Purchasing Development Scenario

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Purchasing for Development Scenario. Answer: Introduction: Fleisher and Bensoussan (2015) depicts that decision-making plays a crucial role in taking appropriate steps for better business outcome based on the market and economic indications. Businessperson also emphasizes on effective decision making so that better alternation tools can be evaluated that can be used to obtain the business goals. Gustafsson et al. 2013) on the other hand portray that with respect to capital budgeting techniques, the sensitive analysis is preferred by many business people for taking effective decisions. In this evaluation to types of variables are there- independent and dependent variable. Hull (2014) highlights that the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable are analyzed based on certain circumstances so that future outcome can be controlled. Similarly, in business, if a management used sensitive analysis, it is used for measuring business uncertainties. Additionally, the technique of capital budgeting is also used by business experts for taking effective business decisions by estimating probable inflows and outflows considering the present monetary asset obtained by the organization for a certain project. Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return and Pay Back Period are three techniques that are used for evaluating capital budgeting (Lam and Oshodi 2015). Goel (2015) furthermore explains that in this context, the sensitive analysis offers the provision of accurate understanding on trustworthy outcomes of the most effective investment alternatives. Andor et al. (2015) also describes that in order to generate covering the probable expenses, an organization involves in investment period return and financial effect; and it is the liability of that organization to formulate business decision for future by using standard internal rate and discounting rates according to the present monetary asset with the organization. Thus, this process of planning future decisions and analyzing present financial strength is the major concern of the sensitive analysis that considers the inflows and outflows of the budget. The outcome of the economy, interest rate, inflation rate, or foreign exchange fluctuation rate is based on the outcomes of those decisions. White and Miles (2015) highlights that risk is always associated with the estimation of the decision in terms of estimating sensitivity analysis on capital budgeting. Moreover, it is also not possible to estimate accurate estimation of the future profitability and undesirable business outcomes that affect the investment funds. Thus, in order to avoid such unfavorable business outcomes, businessperson uses the sensitivity analysis so that precise financial growth can be estimated within minimum costs rather than applying a risky way for attaining maximum profitability (Goel 2015). Taken for instance, in ASDA, managing authorities uses sensitive analysis for estimating future benefits with respect to debt and equity. If reduction of debt capital ratio by 10% is evaluated by the concept of sensitivity analysis, the average cost of capital will be 5.55% if it was considered that the value of debt is constant and the value of equity is increasing (Hull 2014). Scenario Analysis Fleisher and Bensoussan (2015) depicts that in order to estimate the anticipated value of an organizations performance for a specific interval of time, scenario analysis is done. One such business decision is the measurement of the portfolio measurement that emphasizes on the capital budgeting in order to take effective business decisions. Blobel and Frohlich (2017) thus portrays that managing authorities of an organization uses scenario analysis to measure risk factors on foreign exchange fluctuations, interest rate changes and inflate rates so that future risks can be avoided. The prime benefit of this approach is that the events of which net outcome of the proposed business projects is affected can be circumvented. Capital budgeting techniques also use to analyze profit maximization and investment opportunities that ensure the sustainable growth of the business. Lam and Oshodi (2015) furthermore depicts that concept like discounting method, line net present value, payback period o r internal rate of return is used by the business personnel to analyze the probable business outcome by considering all the associated risk factors. Fleisher and Bensoussan (2015) also suggest that risk can also be avoided if consequences of different modes of investment will be considered and scenario analysis helps the managing authorities to analyze those modes of investment. Businesspeople consider realistic capital budgeting and scenario analysis is used to determine probable factors for effective business decisions. Thus, base case, best case and worst case are the three types of scenarios that are use to evaluate the nature of projects and their outcomes (Blobel and Frhlich 2017). Taken, for example, is an economy is suffering from high inflation; it is probable that there is the low net present value of investment compared to the result of investment while the inflation is low. Thus, determination of scenario is important, whether it is the base, best or worst case. Sometimes, business decision makers consider multiple scenarios for the proposed projects to generate accurate outcomes. These decisions are based on several components of estimated cash flows relying on the same situation. Hull (2014) explains that is a person have proper knowledge of industrial benchmark; they are liable to analyze probability result that is based on macroeconomic factors like rate of foreign exchange, the rate of interest and rate of inflation. The example of Woolworths can also illustrate this that they use multiple scenario analyses and research on favorable and unfavorable factors regarding a number of retails stores, the location of the store, advertisement strategies, consumers demand and products incorporated in the stores along with the economic and realistic risks for operating the business. These risks are measured before investing in opening a new store. The probability of future income can also be evaluated with the help of decision tree, which is another method of the scenario analysis (Zabarankin et al. 2014). This tree analysis allows a business personnel to identify the factors of failure associated with a business decision that is useful for avoiding future and probab le economic risks so that better productivity and profitability can be attained (Fleisher and Bensoussan 2015). Similarities and differences between Capital Asset Pricing Model and Capital Market Line Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a model used to evaluate the relationship between systematic risks of the investment and the expected return amount for the investment in terms of stock or securities (Zabarankin et al. 2014). Hull (2014) furthermore depicts that in order to attain realistic expected return, both systematic and unsystematic risk factors have to be considered. The capital budgeting technique can use these evaluations of the risk. Business people measure required rate of return by the Capital Asset Pricing Model so that proposed investment of the risky assets can be evaluated. Capital Market Line Gopalan et al. (2014) define the Capital Market Line as a tangent line that helps to determine market portfolio for proposed risky assets. The term tangent line is used as this line is drawn from a risk-free point to the feasible region, where there is a probability of the occurrence of the investments. Thus, Khavul and Deeds (2016) depicts that point of the combination of market portfolio and risk-free assets from a tangent line represents the Capital Market Line and it is also known as "rate of return." This line represents the risk factor to measure the fair value of investment through the model of Capital Asset Pricing Model in comparison with the market price. Moreover, it can be concluded that Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Capital Market Line (CML) are used to determine required rate of return and market portfolio respectively, but these models have certain similarities and differences in order to evaluate expected the return of the proposed investments. Khavul and Deeds (2016) also explains that anticipated return of the investment in equity is also measured by the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to find out the risk-free rate of return, risk variance and the anticipated market return. These factors are denoted by beta(). Re = Rf + B [E (Rm) Rf] is the formula use to find out the expected return of the investment portfolio. Where, Re- Denoted for Return on equity Rf- Denoted for Risk-free rate of the securities E (Rm) - Denoted for Expected rate of return on the portfolio of market B- Denoted for Beta coefficient and B [E (Rm) Rf]- illustrates the difference between for expected rate of return on the portfolio of market and risk-free rate of the securities also known as market premium. In addition to that, CAPM model is also used for plotting beta on one axis and the anticipated stock return on other axis and this tangent line is represented by the Capital Market Line. The slope that is drawn by the capital market line illustrates the market premium so that values for overvaluation or undervaluation associated with the proposed investment can be estimated accurately for effective business decision. Fajar Pasaribu et al. (2015) depicts that a business person has to consider the total risk of security to measure the expected return of the proposed investment securities. These total risks are categorized by two classifications- systematic risk and unsystematic risk. The variance if risks are evaluated by the beta coefficient in the total measurement of the risks that helps in evaluating the sensitivity of the securities due to the change of market risk and market return (Zabarankin et al. 2014). The expected return of the proposed investment is determined by the Capital Asset Pricing Model and is graphically represented by the Capital Market Line. Systematic risk in security investment is majorly seen in the market that cannot be diversified and unsystematic risks are related to the particular stock that can be diversified by considering the diversification process in investment. Moreover, systematic risk of the securities is represented by the coefficient of beta that is determin ed by the market variance along with the covariance of market securities (Huesecken et al. 2016). Erel et al. (2015.) furthermore depict that overall anticipated rate of return of the investment securities and their associated risk factors can be determined by the relationship between CAPM and CML. It can also be said that the Capital Market Line can estimate overvaluation or undervaluation of securities. Fajar Pasaribu et al. (2015) also highlights the fact that security is said to be undervalued if the expected rate of return of security in contradiction of its associated risk components is drawn over the capital market line. However, security is said to be overvalued if the expected rate of return of security in contradiction of its associated risk components is drawn below the capital market line (Niehaus 2014). Thus, it now becomes easy to measure the small amount of risk related to business decisions (Goel 2015). In addition to that, the two concerned model that is Capital Asset Pricing Model and Capital Market Line have certain similarities but is different from each other based on certain terms (Baldock 2016). Goel (2015) also highlight that Capital Market Line (CML) represents the securities value while the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) illustrates expected the return of the security. Moreover, Capital Market Line (CML) considers the entire market and systematic risk and risk-free rate of securities is considered by Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) (Erel et al. 2015). It can also be stated that the performance of the investment portfolio is evaluated by the Capital Market Line by using the capital budgeting technique. This technique will also help the business person in evaluating the over or under valuation of proposed securities. While on the other hand, CAPM model is only used to determine the risk tolerance with the current market risk factor and expected the return of offered s ecurities (Baldock 2016). Lastly, Lanteri (2016) stated that Capital Market Line illustrates the investment portfolio more efficiently as a factor of the economic inflation rate and overall market risk is considered. However, in terms of accurate measurement of the market premium rate and the current risk of the stock, Capital Asset Pricing Model shows more accuracy. Thus, if the assessment of the overall market for the investment purpose is concerned, CAPM model does not perform well. However, Erel et al. (2015) state that consideration of both CML and CAPMresults in the efficiency of the investment return and efficiency of the investors respectively for evaluating the risk associated with the business and its solution to overcome the negative outcome of the business. Reference Lists Andor, G., Mohanty, S.K. and Toth, T., 2015. Capital budgeting practices: a survey of Central and Eastern European firms.Emerging Markets Review,23, pp.148-172. Baldock, R., 2016. An assessment of the business impacts of the UKs Enterprise Capital Funds.Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, p.0263774X15625995. Blobel, C. and Frhlich, E., 2017. Scenario Analysis for Strategic Purchasing: Development of a Scenario Simulation Tool for the Villeroy Boch AG. InSupply Management Research(pp. 275-294). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Erel, I., Myers, S.C. and Read, J.A., 2015. A theory of risk capital.Journal of Financial Economics,118(3), pp.620-635. Fajar Pasaribu, S.E., Si, M. and Ridwan, M., 2015. The Extraordinary Solution for Indonesia Economic Crisis: Shariah Capital Market.Journal of Finance,3(2), pp.93-101. Fleisher, C.S. and Bensoussan, B.E., 2015.Business and competitive analysis: effective application of new and classic methods. FT Press. Goel, S., 2015.Capital budgeting. Business Expert Press. Gustafsson, A., Herrmann, A. and Huber, F. eds., 2013.Conjoint measurement: Methods and applications. Springer Science Business Media. Huesecken, B., Overesch, M. and Tassius, A., 2016. Capital Market Reaction to Tax Avoidance: Evidence from Luxleaks. Hull, J.C., 2014.The evaluation of risk in business investment. Elsevier. Khavul, S. and Deeds, D., 2016. The Evolution of Initial Co-investment Syndications in an Emerging Venture Capital Market.Journal of International Management. Lam, K.C. and Oshodi, O.S., 2015. The capital budgeting evaluation practices (2014) of contractors in the Hong Kong construction industry.Construction Management and Economics,33(7), pp.587-600. Lanteri, A., 2016. The market for used capital: Endogenous irreversibility and reallocation over the business cycle.Economic Research Initiatives at Duke (ERID) Working Paper, (207). Niehaus, G., 2014. Managing Capital via Internal Capital Market Transactions: The Case of Life Insurers. White, J.B. and Miles, M.P., 2015. A Proposed Capital Budgeting Technique for Liquidity Constrained Small Businesses.Journal of Small Business Strategy,1(2), pp.36-46. Zabarankin, M., Pavlikov, K. and Uryasev, S., 2014. Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) with drawdown measure.European Journal of Operational Research,234(2), pp.508-517.

Saturday, November 30, 2019

Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay Example

Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Symbolism is a literary technique used in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight to give a deeper significance to the plot. The poem is littered with symbolisms. The symbols juxtapose one another and provide structure and symmetry within the story. The symbolisms also have specific historical context that adds to the story line and influences how the reader interprets the poem. Sir Gawain’s pentangle on his shield and the acceptance of the girdle from Lord Bertilak’s lady are two of the most prominent symbols presented to us in this authors tale. The pentangle painted in pure gold on Sir Gawain’s shield and embroidered on his shawl can be seen as a symbol of Gawain’s perfection and power over evil. According to Garald Morgan, â€Å"Gawain’s courtesy is associated with his virtue in the symbolic device of the pentangle in his shield. † (Morgan 770) The poet uses 46 lines to describe the meaning of the pentangle. No other symbol in the poem is described in such detail. Such a long explanation seems out of place in a poem full of fast-paced action, beheadings and temptations. The narrator acknowledges this but proceeds to delve into his description after establishing a disclaimer: â€Å"And why the pentangle was appropriate to that prince I intend now to say, though it will stall our story. † (Armitage 623-4) This passage alerts the reader to pay attention; the symbolic meaning of the pentangle is important to a proper understanding of the narrators message. The poet illustrates the pentangle as a symbol of faithfulness and an â€Å"endless knot† saying, â€Å"It suits this soldier in his spotless armor/fully faithful in five ways five times over. (Armitage 631) The five points of the pentangle represent five virtues attributed to Gawain. Gawains life at this point is the perfect application of the virtues the pentangle signifies. The poet states, â€Å"the figure is a five-pointed star and each line overlaps and links with the last so it is ever eternal,† (Armitage 627) and then goes on to say, â€Å"So these five sets of five were fixed in this knight, each linked to the last through the endless line† The pentangle is a unity in which all parts are interrelated just as the spiritual, moral and social qualities are united in Gawain. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the poet’s account of the â€Å"five sets of five† he specifies the spiritual, moral and social virtues that constitute the pentangle by including religious faith in lines 642-643 and the operation of the senses in line 640. The first attributes mentioned in the â€Å"five sets of five† is being flawless in the five senses and his five fingers never being at fault. According to Morgan’s interpretation of the poem he states, â€Å"From the poet’s attribution to his hero of perfection in the five senses it would seem that we are to understand that Gawain does not sin through mere sensual gratification† (Morgan 774). What he is saying is, Gawain is able to appropriately control his sensitive desires by reason. Next, the five wounds of Christ and the five joys of Mary specify religious dimension. This appeal to faith symbolized by the pentangle is not at all out of the ordinary as we can see from other works of this time; â€Å"the appeal of metaphor and symbol was especially strong in a time that not only drew on the treasuries of the Christian tradition and classical literature and mythology, but invented the new â€Å"sign- language† which was one of its real innovations. † (Bruce 15) These aspects of Gawain’s chivalry are the source of his courage. A lot of attention is given to this, suggesting that, â€Å"courage is a significant element in the moral scheme of the poem† (Morgan 775). The fifth set of five presents five virtues: fraunchyse or friendship, felawshyp or fraternity, clannes or purity, cortaysye or politeness and pite or pity; all of which have a specific social extension in the poem. That is to say, the five qualities are relevant to the subsequent events of the poem. Following the beheading test at the Green Chapel, Gawain accuses himself of â€Å"cortayse† and â€Å"cowarddyse† for his acceptance of the girdle. As translated by Simon Armitage, he says, â€Å"A curse upon cowardice and covetousness† (Armitage 2374). He claims the girdle as his downfall stating, â€Å"I gave into greed, and in doing so forgot the fidelity and kindness which every knight knows† (2380-1). We see Gawain’s failing in friendship and fraternity with his failed loyalty to Bertilak by accepting the girdle. According to Conor McCarthy’s interpretation, fraunchyse and felawshyp are linked on the pentangle because â€Å"it is in these two senses that Gawain will fail in his quest. (McCarthy 299) In this context then, it could be said that clannes and cortaysye are paired together because Gawain succeeds in preserving both qualities, despite temptation. The final quality attributed to Gawain is pite, translated as pity by Armitage. The word pite is rather ambiguous, and although Armitage translates it as pity, meaning compassion (an important attribute for a chivalric knight), it seams as a w hole that piety, meaning moral virtue or faithfulness, is a better fit for the poem. Piety draws us back to Gawain’s religious faith which in a sense links the other four qualities. Not only is the pentangle a symbol in itself clearly described by the poet, it is also often times linked as a symbol to magical traditions. The Gawain poet states, â€Å"It is a symbol that Solomon once set in place† (Armitage 625). Some scholars claim that the pentangle had magical defense against evil spirits. This could be supported by the inclusion of Solomon in the poem. Solomon, the third king of Isreal, in 10th century BC, was said to have the mark of the pentagram on his ring, which he received from Archangel Michael. The ring was said to give Solomon power over demons. The reason why the pentangle, in popular superstitions, has come to be adopted as a mystical symbol to ward off evil is not hard to see when we consider other medieval symbolism. The number five itself is deeply significant in medieval numerology. V. F. Hopper points out how important numbers were in medieval thought. He states that numbers were deeply rooted in medieval thought â€Å"not as mathematical tools, nor as the counters in a game, but as fundamental realities, alive with memories and eloquent with meaning† (Hopper viii). According to Hopper, the most potent numbers in magic appear to have been three, four, five seven and nine. Of the number â€Å"five† he states as a â€Å"holy† number in the east. The number five was also said to be â€Å"incorruptible by virtue of its reoccurrence in multiplication† (Kitely 45). The question of how the magical side of the pentangle affects one’s reading of the poem is important to look at. Also important to question is why the poet focuses on the moral aspects of the pentangle and not the magical ones. Kitely notes, â€Å"Gawain sets out to meet a magical creature of unknown power†¦he is a creature of malignant magic. What more suitable device could Gawain, therefore, bear than the five pointed pentangle†¦Gawain therefore leaves with the dual moral-magical defense of the pentangle. Superstition and philosophy are equally satisfied† (Kitely 47). The poet reveals through the poem that magic of itself is insufficient to combat against another species of magic. Kitely says, â€Å"Paradoxally, the poet has revealed that he was after all, correct to focus on the moral and religious side of the pentangle. (Kitely 49) If Gawain had placed total reliance on this thought, then he would have been unscathed. The pentangle might have seemed like a dual symbol of defense, but it is ultimately only reliable in its moral defense. Medieval audiences who knew of the magical association might have been left feeling that only total reliance on Christian virtue would help when faced with uncertainty in medieval times. Kitely affirms saying, â€Å"In the poem, as it stands, the magical side of the pentangle serves to underline the basic moral themes. (Kitely 50) It seems that rather than clashing with the moral side, the magical aspect emphasizes the poet’s attitude towards superstition and a reliance on aids other than Christian virtue, as we see costly toward Gawain. There is an ingenious symmetry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and can be seen prominently between the pentangle and the green girdle. The poet spends 46 lines carefully, and almost laboriously, expounding the symbolism of the pentang le and yet he says nothing explicitly about the girdle. Its symbolic value is simply what Gawain assigns it and what the reader believes it to be. Jan Solomon calls the girdle â€Å"the thematic and symbolic nexus of the poem† (Solomon 274). The girdle is a tangible object upon which the climax of the poem focuses. The girdle unites two major plot lines, the temptation and the beheading game, and yet the girdle remains somewhat of a debated mystery. The anonymity of the author has allowed more latitude for scholars to make it what they will. Some scholars such as Roger Loomis (pg. 154) and Larry Benson (pg. 40) believe the girdle to be a â€Å"love token†. Martin Stevens however, contests references to the girdle as a â€Å"sexual symbol† or â€Å"sexual trophy† (Stevens 77). He believes such descriptions arise from confusing the medieval girdle with the modern undergarment. According to the medieval dictionary, a girdle is â€Å"a belt worn around the waist, used for fastening clothes or for carrying a sword, purse, etc. † Considering the girdles importance in the poem it is a good idea to fully understand the nature and meaning of the girdle more precisely. This will provide a better conception of what the girdle really was and what it symbolized and should affect how one reads the poem. We can all concede that the girdle is a belt of some sort. We see it then as an accessory. Originally, however, the girdle was not worn for warmth or ornament but as a magical binding either as a protective amulet or sign of the individual’s mystical incorporation into a social group. Later leaves or cloth panels were attached for modesty’s sake. Wilhelm Wundt states, â€Å"the celtic use of champion belts among the Greeks and Semites, even the Church’s corona of tonsure, derive from the principle of binding or encircling as magically promoting divine protection and positive good fortune† (Wundt 86) This is true in other parts of the ancient world as well. The wrapping of the toga by the Romans can also be seen as a species of engirdling magic. Zoroastrians had a similar custom; at the initiation rite by which a Cathar became a perfectus, the initiate was â€Å"girt† about the body with a thread, which was called his garment. (Onians 453) The girdles magic can even be seen in the Bible when God has Jeremiah carry out with his linen girdle to demonstrate that â€Å"as the girdle clingeth to the loins of men, so have I cause to cleave unto the house of Judah† (XIII 1-11) and in Isaiah’s prediction â€Å"And the Righteous shall be the girdle of his loins and faithfulness the girdle of his reins† (XI. ). These passages have been analyzed by Onians: â€Å"God and medicine man use the same means and no less in blessing than in cursing† (Onians 367). The girdle, as one can see, in some form or another is littered throughout pre medieval history and literature. The archaic magical force of girdling continued then into the Middle Ages. Male girdles began to represent sovereignty, authority and power. Freidman and Osberg state, â€Å"To get someone’s head under your girdle meant to conquer him† (Freidman and Osberg 304). A vassal, or one who entered into mutual obligations with a monarch, was supposed to take off his belt in the presence of his suzerain, or superior. From Roman times to medieval romances foot soldiers surrendered by unfastening the cords around their hips which held up their undergarments. The woman’s girdles on the other hand, involve somewhat different magical and symbolic associations. The girdle of Ishtar, the goddess of fertility, love, war and sex, became a girdle of fertility. When she unfastened it in the underworld, the earth became infertile. The most famous of all girdles, the cestus of Aphrodite-Urania, became as early as Homer a â€Å"gurdel of lecherie†, excluding all enticements of lust. (Freidman and Osberg 304) It also is seen frequently in medieval and Renaissance poetry. The proponent girdle was the maiden’s sash or belt. According to Freidman and Osberg, it was â€Å"an amulet to preserve by advertising the virginity of the wearer, it was credited with, among other things, holding wolves at bay† (Freidman and Osberg). Another instance of the girdle can be found in religious legends as such: the maiden rescued by Lydgate’s St. George was able to lead the dragon into the city by her girdle. The girdle was also seen as a husband’s trophy, suggestive of the sexual act and fertility and a pledge of marital chastity. Interestingly enough, in medieval England prostitutes were forbidden to wear girdles of any sorts. Now, with all of that history at the forefront we have to ask; what fashion of girdle was the one Gawain received from Bertilak’s lady and what did it symbolize? Can this question even be answered or is it to be left to the readers’ interpretation? The connotations of the girdle explain why the lady wanted Gawain to conceal it from her husband and why Gawain finds her request completely legitimate. Gawain felt justified in concealing it for upon showing it to Bertilak, he would surely think things that never were. Gawain’s overriding reason for keeping the girdle was to preserve his own life and to level the playing ground with the Green Knight. The magical connotations of the girdle strengthen his rationalizations. By an understandably devious process, the girdle becomes exclusively associated in Gawain’s mind with the adventure of the Green Chapel, not as a relevant item in the exchange agreement, which is just a game. The girdle complicates the motivating impulses and refracts the lines of moral action. With the acceptance and concealment of the girdle Gawain is removed from the unnatural category of systematic perfection, as symbolized by the pentangle, and brought into the reach of human relatability. According to Friedman and Osberg, â€Å"his final succumbing to the lady’s wiles to the extent of accepting the girdle, retrospectively soils the resolute but polite skill with which he had parried her onslaught up to that event† (Friedman and Osberg 312). The possession of the girdle, even though it is left ambiguous how much Gawain really trusts the magic of it, could be seen to undercut his bravery. Although it could also be said that it is no more cowardly than relying on the pentangle to give him strength. Aside from the connotations associated with the girdle, the fashion in which Gawain wears it is also important to discuss. It is easy to fall into the error of believing that the girdle is concealed under his armor when he leaves the castle. We are deceived by the fact that Gawain initially conceals it from Bertilak. Gawain, in fact, wears it on the outside. The poet explains that he wraps himself with the girdle after he clothes himself with his coat which was emblazed with the pentangle. He wraps it over his coat, which is a symbol of his parting from the virtues of the pentangle. Spiritually and physically the girdle superseded the pentangle. Gawain wearing it in sight also shows his reliance on the magical symbol of the girdle. As Gawain sets out for the Chapel he notably displays is to bring the magical influence into play. This indicates that he does have some faith in the girdle’s magical implications, though these implications prove to be trumped in the end just like those of the pentangle. There is symbolic polarity between the image of the pentangle and the image of the girdle given to Gawain by Bertilak’s wife in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The pentangle or â€Å"endless knot† illustrates Gawain’s virtuous perfection and the girdle becomes an indication of the knight’s lapse of perfection. There is however a significant link between the two symbols. Both of the figures’ definitions change by the end of the poem. The shield and the girdle are real objects and function in the poem as living articulate symbols dynamically paired. The pentangle evokes the chivalric ideal. In the beginning, when Gawain sets out on his quest, the pentangle is emblematic of his knightly virtue. He is seen as a flawless knight. Gawain embarks on his adventure and along the way deviously accepts a girdle from Lord Bertilak’s lady. Upon his meeting with the Green Knight at the Chapel, his blunder is revealed and the girdle becomes emblematic of his fault. The whole movement of the story hangs upon his yielding to temptation, accepting the girdle, and having his failing revealed to him. When we reach this point the poem is shifted and the meaning behind the two symbols is altered. The pentangles â€Å"endless knot† is seemingly broken. In desperation to save his own life, we see Gawain fail in friendship and fraternity, two parts of the pentangle that are placed together. The pentangle, which once symbolized his faithfulness and honor, is broken and morphed into a reminder of his shortcomings. The girdle, on the other hand, starts out as a symbol of Gawain’s imperfection and fault. When Bertilak reveals himself as the Green Knight and confronts Gawain for the acceptance of his wife’s girdle, Gawain says, â€Å"My downfall and undoing; let the devil take it† about the girdle. The girdle is a sign of Gawain’s sin. On his homeward journey Gawain wears the girdle across his chest and knotted at the hip. When he arrives back in Camelot he recounts his trip to the Green Chapel and describes the girdle as a band of shame. King Arthur and the rest of the court laughs and provides comfort to lift their noble knight. The girdle changes to a symbol of honor. It is redefined by the collective as a symbol of greatness. Collectively the brotherhood had the power to bear the shame and wear the girdle as a symbol of nobility. Sir Gawain’s pentangle on his shield and the girdle given to him by Bertilak’s wife are two of the most prominent symbols presented to us in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The pentangle’s appropriateness to Gawain is outlined in an explanation of its fivefold symbolism. The author goes to great lengths to illustrate the importance of the pentangle. The pentangle in its self is a symbol of Christian perfection. Also, it would have magical implications to the readers familiar with medieval superstition. Knowing the â€Å"other† characterization of the pentangle can change how the reader perceives the text. The girdle also has magical and historical connotations that affect the way the poem is read; proving that the history behind certain aspects of the poem was important to the poet’s overall moral of the story. The one question that remains is; if the girdle is so important to the poem, then why does the poet go to the painstaking lengths to lay out the symbol of the pentangle, but leave the meaning of the girdle open to our interpretation? The symbol of the pentangle is artificial and therefore must be meticulously defined, whereas the meaning of the girdle defines itself in the eyes of the reader. The two symbols are juxtaposed throughout the poem and their meanings oppose each other to provide a symbolic representation of the moral of the story. That is, human reality is not pure Christian perfection, neither is it absolute shame on those who sin, but it is found somewhere in between. Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay Example Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Paper Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Symbolism is a literary technique used in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight to give a deeper significance to the plot. The poem is littered with symbolisms. The symbols juxtapose one another and provide structure and symmetry within the story. The symbolisms also have specific historical context that adds to the story line and influences how the reader interprets the poem. Sir Gawain’s pentangle on his shield and the acceptance of the girdle from Lord Bertilak’s lady are two of the most prominent symbols presented to us in this authors tale. The pentangle painted in pure gold on Sir Gawain’s shield and embroidered on his shawl can be seen as a symbol of Gawain’s perfection and power over evil. According to Garald Morgan, â€Å"Gawain’s courtesy is associated with his virtue in the symbolic device of the pentangle in his shield. † (Morgan 770) The poet uses 46 lines to describe the meaning of the pentangle. No other symbol in the poem is described in such detail. Such a long explanation seems out of place in a poem full of fast-paced action, beheadings and temptations. The narrator acknowledges this but proceeds to delve into his description after establishing a disclaimer: â€Å"And why the pentangle was appropriate to that prince I intend now to say, though it will stall our story. † (Armitage 623-4) This passage alerts the reader to pay attention; the symbolic meaning of the pentangle is important to a proper understanding of the narrators message. The poet illustrates the pentangle as a symbol of faithfulness and an â€Å"endless knot† saying, â€Å"It suits this soldier in his spotless armor/fully faithful in five ways five times over. (Armitage 631) The five points of the pentangle represent five virtues attributed to Gawain. Gawains life at this point is the perfect application of the virtues the pentangle signifies. The poet states, â€Å"the figure is a five-pointed star and each line overlaps and links with the last so it is ever eternal,† (Armitage 627) and then goes on to say, â€Å"So these five sets of five were fixed in this knight, each linked to the last through the endless line† The pentangle is a unity in which all parts are interrelated just as the spiritual, moral and social qualities are united in Gawain. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the poet’s account of the â€Å"five sets of five† he specifies the spiritual, moral and social virtues that constitute the pentangle by including religious faith in lines 642-643 and the operation of the senses in line 640. The first attributes mentioned in the â€Å"five sets of five† is being flawless in the five senses and his five fingers never being at fault. According to Morgan’s interpretation of the poem he states, â€Å"From the poet’s attribution to his hero of perfection in the five senses it would seem that we are to understand that Gawain does not sin through mere sensual gratification† (Morgan 774). What he is saying is, Gawain is able to appropriately control his sensitive desires by reason. Next, the five wounds of Christ and the five joys of Mary specify religious dimension. This appeal to faith symbolized by the pentangle is not at all out of the ordinary as we can see from other works of this time; â€Å"the appeal of metaphor and symbol was especially strong in a time that not only drew on the treasuries of the Christian tradition and classical literature and mythology, but invented the new â€Å"sign- language† which was one of its real innovations. † (Bruce 15) These aspects of Gawain’s chivalry are the source of his courage. A lot of attention is given to this, suggesting that, â€Å"courage is a significant element in the moral scheme of the poem† (Morgan 775). The fifth set of five presents five virtues: fraunchyse or friendship, felawshyp or fraternity, clannes or purity, cortaysye or politeness and pite or pity; all of which have a specific social extension in the poem. That is to say, the five qualities are relevant to the subsequent events of the poem. Following the beheading test at the Green Chapel, Gawain accuses himself of â€Å"cortayse† and â€Å"cowarddyse† for his acceptance of the girdle. As translated by Simon Armitage, he says, â€Å"A curse upon cowardice and covetousness† (Armitage 2374). He claims the girdle as his downfall stating, â€Å"I gave into greed, and in doing so forgot the fidelity and kindness which every knight knows† (2380-1). We see Gawain’s failing in friendship and fraternity with his failed loyalty to Bertilak by accepting the girdle. According to Conor McCarthy’s interpretation, fraunchyse and felawshyp are linked on the pentangle because â€Å"it is in these two senses that Gawain will fail in his quest. (McCarthy 299) In this context then, it could be said that clannes and cortaysye are paired together because Gawain succeeds in preserving both qualities, despite temptation. The final quality attributed to Gawain is pite, translated as pity by Armitage. The word pite is rather ambiguous, and although Armitage translates it as pity, meaning compassion (an important attribute for a chivalric knight), it seams as a w hole that piety, meaning moral virtue or faithfulness, is a better fit for the poem. Piety draws us back to Gawain’s religious faith which in a sense links the other four qualities. Not only is the pentangle a symbol in itself clearly described by the poet, it is also often times linked as a symbol to magical traditions. The Gawain poet states, â€Å"It is a symbol that Solomon once set in place† (Armitage 625). Some scholars claim that the pentangle had magical defense against evil spirits. This could be supported by the inclusion of Solomon in the poem. Solomon, the third king of Isreal, in 10th century BC, was said to have the mark of the pentagram on his ring, which he received from Archangel Michael. The ring was said to give Solomon power over demons. The reason why the pentangle, in popular superstitions, has come to be adopted as a mystical symbol to ward off evil is not hard to see when we consider other medieval symbolism. The number five itself is deeply significant in medieval numerology. V. F. Hopper points out how important numbers were in medieval thought. He states that numbers were deeply rooted in medieval thought â€Å"not as mathematical tools, nor as the counters in a game, but as fundamental realities, alive with memories and eloquent with meaning† (Hopper viii). According to Hopper, the most potent numbers in magic appear to have been three, four, five seven and nine. Of the number â€Å"five† he states as a â€Å"holy† number in the east. The number five was also said to be â€Å"incorruptible by virtue of its reoccurrence in multiplication† (Kitely 45). The question of how the magical side of the pentangle affects one’s reading of the poem is important to look at. Also important to question is why the poet focuses on the moral aspects of the pentangle and not the magical ones. Kitely notes, â€Å"Gawain sets out to meet a magical creature of unknown power†¦he is a creature of malignant magic. What more suitable device could Gawain, therefore, bear than the five pointed pentangle†¦Gawain therefore leaves with the dual moral-magical defense of the pentangle. Superstition and philosophy are equally satisfied† (Kitely 47). The poet reveals through the poem that magic of itself is insufficient to combat against another species of magic. Kitely says, â€Å"Paradoxally, the poet has revealed that he was after all, correct to focus on the moral and religious side of the pentangle. (Kitely 49) If Gawain had placed total reliance on this thought, then he would have been unscathed. The pentangle might have seemed like a dual symbol of defense, but it is ultimately only reliable in its moral defense. Medieval audiences who knew of the magical association might have been left feeling that only total reliance on Christian virtue would help when faced with uncertainty in medieval times. Kitely affirms saying, â€Å"In the poem, as it stands, the magical side of the pentangle serves to underline the basic moral themes. (Kitely 50) It seems that rather than clashing with the moral side, the magical aspect emphasizes the poet’s attitude towards superstition and a reliance on aids other than Christian virtue, as we see costly toward Gawain. There is an ingenious symmetry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and can be seen prominently between the pentangle and the green girdle. The poet spends 46 lines carefully, and almost laboriously, expounding the symbolism of the pentang le and yet he says nothing explicitly about the girdle. Its symbolic value is simply what Gawain assigns it and what the reader believes it to be. Jan Solomon calls the girdle â€Å"the thematic and symbolic nexus of the poem† (Solomon 274). The girdle is a tangible object upon which the climax of the poem focuses. The girdle unites two major plot lines, the temptation and the beheading game, and yet the girdle remains somewhat of a debated mystery. The anonymity of the author has allowed more latitude for scholars to make it what they will. Some scholars such as Roger Loomis (pg. 154) and Larry Benson (pg. 40) believe the girdle to be a â€Å"love token†. Martin Stevens however, contests references to the girdle as a â€Å"sexual symbol† or â€Å"sexual trophy† (Stevens 77). He believes such descriptions arise from confusing the medieval girdle with the modern undergarment. According to the medieval dictionary, a girdle is â€Å"a belt worn around the waist, used for fastening clothes or for carrying a sword, purse, etc. † Considering the girdles importance in the poem it is a good idea to fully understand the nature and meaning of the girdle more precisely. This will provide a better conception of what the girdle really was and what it symbolized and should affect how one reads the poem. We can all concede that the girdle is a belt of some sort. We see it then as an accessory. Originally, however, the girdle was not worn for warmth or ornament but as a magical binding either as a protective amulet or sign of the individual’s mystical incorporation into a social group. Later leaves or cloth panels were attached for modesty’s sake. Wilhelm Wundt states, â€Å"the celtic use of champion belts among the Greeks and Semites, even the Church’s corona of tonsure, derive from the principle of binding or encircling as magically promoting divine protection and positive good fortune† (Wundt 86) This is true in other parts of the ancient world as well. The wrapping of the toga by the Romans can also be seen as a species of engirdling magic. Zoroastrians had a similar custom; at the initiation rite by which a Cathar became a perfectus, the initiate was â€Å"girt† about the body with a thread, which was called his garment. (Onians 453) The girdles magic can even be seen in the Bible when God has Jeremiah carry out with his linen girdle to demonstrate that â€Å"as the girdle clingeth to the loins of men, so have I cause to cleave unto the house of Judah† (XIII 1-11) and in Isaiah’s prediction â€Å"And the Righteous shall be the girdle of his loins and faithfulness the girdle of his reins† (XI. ). These passages have been analyzed by Onians: â€Å"God and medicine man use the same means and no less in blessing than in cursing† (Onians 367). The girdle, as one can see, in some form or another is littered throughout pre medieval history and literature. The archaic magical force of girdling continued then into the Middle Ages. Male girdles began to represent sovereignty, authority and power. Freidman and Osberg state, â€Å"To get someone’s head under your girdle meant to conquer him† (Freidman and Osberg 304). A vassal, or one who entered into mutual obligations with a monarch, was supposed to take off his belt in the presence of his suzerain, or superior. From Roman times to medieval romances foot soldiers surrendered by unfastening the cords around their hips which held up their undergarments. The woman’s girdles on the other hand, involve somewhat different magical and symbolic associations. The girdle of Ishtar, the goddess of fertility, love, war and sex, became a girdle of fertility. When she unfastened it in the underworld, the earth became infertile. The most famous of all girdles, the cestus of Aphrodite-Urania, became as early as Homer a â€Å"gurdel of lecherie†, excluding all enticements of lust. (Freidman and Osberg 304) It also is seen frequently in medieval and Renaissance poetry. The proponent girdle was the maiden’s sash or belt. According to Freidman and Osberg, it was â€Å"an amulet to preserve by advertising the virginity of the wearer, it was credited with, among other things, holding wolves at bay† (Freidman and Osberg). Another instance of the girdle can be found in religious legends as such: the maiden rescued by Lydgate’s St. George was able to lead the dragon into the city by her girdle. The girdle was also seen as a husband’s trophy, suggestive of the sexual act and fertility and a pledge of marital chastity. Interestingly enough, in medieval England prostitutes were forbidden to wear girdles of any sorts. Now, with all of that history at the forefront we have to ask; what fashion of girdle was the one Gawain received from Bertilak’s lady and what did it symbolize? Can this question even be answered or is it to be left to the readers’ interpretation? The connotations of the girdle explain why the lady wanted Gawain to conceal it from her husband and why Gawain finds her request completely legitimate. Gawain felt justified in concealing it for upon showing it to Bertilak, he would surely think things that never were. Gawain’s overriding reason for keeping the girdle was to preserve his own life and to level the playing ground with the Green Knight. The magical connotations of the girdle strengthen his rationalizations. By an understandably devious process, the girdle becomes exclusively associated in Gawain’s mind with the adventure of the Green Chapel, not as a relevant item in the exchange agreement, which is just a game. The girdle complicates the motivating impulses and refracts the lines of moral action. With the acceptance and concealment of the girdle Gawain is removed from the unnatural category of systematic perfection, as symbolized by the pentangle, and brought into the reach of human relatability. According to Friedman and Osberg, â€Å"his final succumbing to the lady’s wiles to the extent of accepting the girdle, retrospectively soils the resolute but polite skill with which he had parried her onslaught up to that event† (Friedman and Osberg 312). The possession of the girdle, even though it is left ambiguous how much Gawain really trusts the magic of it, could be seen to undercut his bravery. Although it could also be said that it is no more cowardly than relying on the pentangle to give him strength. Aside from the connotations associated with the girdle, the fashion in which Gawain wears it is also important to discuss. It is easy to fall into the error of believing that the girdle is concealed under his armor when he leaves the castle. We are deceived by the fact that Gawain initially conceals it from Bertilak. Gawain, in fact, wears it on the outside. The poet explains that he wraps himself with the girdle after he clothes himself with his coat which was emblazed with the pentangle. He wraps it over his coat, which is a symbol of his parting from the virtues of the pentangle. Spiritually and physically the girdle superseded the pentangle. Gawain wearing it in sight also shows his reliance on the magical symbol of the girdle. As Gawain sets out for the Chapel he notably displays is to bring the magical influence into play. This indicates that he does have some faith in the girdle’s magical implications, though these implications prove to be trumped in the end just like those of the pentangle. There is symbolic polarity between the image of the pentangle and the image of the girdle given to Gawain by Bertilak’s wife in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The pentangle or â€Å"endless knot† illustrates Gawain’s virtuous perfection and the girdle becomes an indication of the knight’s lapse of perfection. There is however a significant link between the two symbols. Both of the figures’ definitions change by the end of the poem. The shield and the girdle are real objects and function in the poem as living articulate symbols dynamically paired. The pentangle evokes the chivalric ideal. In the beginning, when Gawain sets out on his quest, the pentangle is emblematic of his knightly virtue. He is seen as a flawless knight. Gawain embarks on his adventure and along the way deviously accepts a girdle from Lord Bertilak’s lady. Upon his meeting with the Green Knight at the Chapel, his blunder is revealed and the girdle becomes emblematic of his fault. The whole movement of the story hangs upon his yielding to temptation, accepting the girdle, and having his failing revealed to him. When we reach this point the poem is shifted and the meaning behind the two symbols is altered. The pentangles â€Å"endless knot† is seemingly broken. In desperation to save his own life, we see Gawain fail in friendship and fraternity, two parts of the pentangle that are placed together. The pentangle, which once symbolized his faithfulness and honor, is broken and morphed into a reminder of his shortcomings. The girdle, on the other hand, starts out as a symbol of Gawain’s imperfection and fault. When Bertilak reveals himself as the Green Knight and confronts Gawain for the acceptance of his wife’s girdle, Gawain says, â€Å"My downfall and undoing; let the devil take it† about the girdle. The girdle is a sign of Gawain’s sin. On his homeward journey Gawain wears the girdle across his chest and knotted at the hip. When he arrives back in Camelot he recounts his trip to the Green Chapel and describes the girdle as a band of shame. King Arthur and the rest of the court laughs and provides comfort to lift their noble knight. The girdle changes to a symbol of honor. It is redefined by the collective as a symbol of greatness. Collectively the brotherhood had the power to bear the shame and wear the girdle as a symbol of nobility. Sir Gawain’s pentangle on his shield and the girdle given to him by Bertilak’s wife are two of the most prominent symbols presented to us in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The pentangle’s appropriateness to Gawain is outlined in an explanation of its fivefold symbolism. The author goes to great lengths to illustrate the importance of the pentangle. The pentangle in its self is a symbol of Christian perfection. Also, it would have magical implications to the readers familiar with medieval superstition. Knowing the â€Å"other† characterization of the pentangle can change how the reader perceives the text. The girdle also has magical and historical connotations that affect the way the poem is read; proving that the history behind certain aspects of the poem was important to the poet’s overall moral of the story. The one question that remains is; if the girdle is so important to the poem, then why does the poet go to the painstaking lengths to lay out the symbol of the pentangle, but leave the meaning of the girdle open to our interpretation? The symbol of the pentangle is artificial and therefore must be meticulously defined, whereas the meaning of the girdle defines itself in the eyes of the reader. The two symbols are juxtaposed throughout the poem and their meanings oppose each other to provide a symbolic representation of the moral of the story. That is, human reality is not pure Christian perfection, neither is it absolute shame on those who sin, but it is found somewhere in between.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

India and World Science Essays

India and World Science Essays India and World Science Essay India and World Science Essay Introduction: In ancient and Medieval India, there was development in science and Technology. Concept of zero in Vedic literature, Astronomical Knowledge in Rig Veda (2000 BC), Civil Engineering Architectural Knowledge of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa and other ancient monuments etc, are worth to mention. However in modern India, development in scientific research can be looked broadly in the following categories. * Food Sufficiency. * Health. * Information technology. * Energy. * Science and Technology. * Food sufficiency : After achieving independence, India could bring about a Green Revolution in 1960’s. Mechanization of agriculture’s, high yielding variety of crops helps India to become the 2nd largest paddy producer and world largest producer of sugar. Development of Biotechnology recently enhances production in agricultural products. Also in Horticulture our country is at the top place in the production of mango, banana and grapes. A successive production of technology and milk cooperatives Followed by an immensely successful operation flood led India to become largest producer of milk in the world. All these are reflected in table showing gradual increase in crop production, food production, and livestock production even today. In fisheries research, Indian scientist could have a breakthrough pushing the country ahead with a Blue Revolution and become self sufficient in food production. * Health : In health sector India position is not that good even among the developing countries (Brazil, China, Iran, Pakistan, Columbia etc. )Though it has achieved a breakthrough in eradicating smallpox. Infant mortality rate is very high (about 70 per 1000) while it is about 5 per 1000. Also the percentages of population for age above 65 years is very low (4. 8%) while it is about 15% in developed countries. However Indian Pharma industry is greatly benefited from the development of bio technology in recent years and the country is ranked 4th in the world in term of production manufactures. The government has developed a number of bio-technology Park at different places in the country. Also the government has allocated a huge sum of money (Rs 5,535 crore) for the six upcoming AIIMS like institutes and up gradation of 13 existing government medical colleges to improve the health condition of the people. * Information Technology sector: IT sector, India is growing very fast. It has one of the Telecom network in Asia with fixed lines and wireless subscribers number crossing 543. 2 million by 2009. The country is ranked 12th in term of Broadband internet user, in the world. IT institutes in the country today has produce technically proficient engineers more than the IT industry can absorb. India‘s growing stature in the information age enable it to formed a close tie with USA and European union. The industry find many applications in satellite communication ,Tele medicines etc. and it contributes to 5. 9 of the country GDP and export earning as on 2009. Energy: In energy sector India is led to moved ahead to meet its requirement or complete electrification of rural areas. At present India power source come from at Thermal Power Plan(65%),Hydel Power Plan(24. 6%),Nuclear Power Plan(2. 9%) and other renewable sources like wind energy farm etc. (7. 7%) . At present the install Power generation capacity is 147000 MW by 2009. India has lot of potential fo r Hydel Power Plan but it has use only 17% of total Hydel Power potential of 150,000 MW. The figure is much bigger in other developer countries – Norway (50%), Brazil (31%). Science and Technology: In science Technology, India is in a dismal state in both number of research paper published and quality of work. In number of research paper published India ranked 20st in the world bur in quality it drop to 119 according to the report in Current Science, July 2004. It is reported that our productivity is 20 papers per million while it is 1000 per million for US. It clearly shows that our per capita productivity is very small also we have 140 Researchers per million population compares to 4,651 in US. Our shared of Global output in R D is only 1. 8 % while we have 17% of Global population. However India could develop PARAM super computer and its latest version PARAM PADMA which can make one trillion processes per second by Centre for Development of Advance Computing (C-DAC), Pun e. Such a Super Computer can only be developed by USA and JAPAN. Today India is one of the leading Nuclear Power countries to have complete infrastructures for a viable Nuclear Program. It has the expertise of Uranium Exploration, mining, extraction, enriching and recycling and management of waste materials. In space and moon expedition India have a place in the world today. It has made Chandrayaan-1 moon mission(22nd Oct 2008)for exploring the moon fully and is planning the next Chandrayaan-2 moon mission in 2012 and manned mission in 2016. Recently India successfully test fired an interceptor missile from Orissa(26th July ,2010). India could establishes a permanent researches center MAITRI at the Antarctic in 2002 to explore the continent and study more about the phenomena associated with AURORA. Now India is in eight positions in the world Science and Technology map recently, though it was 15th in 1990’s CONCLUSION: Thought India is self sufficient in food, it has to improve the health condition of the people of country and research in development in various scientific fields. Our research lay more emphasis on target oriented research in some thrust areas like defence, Atomic energy etc at the cost basic science which are backbones of scientific development. The dismal state of RD in India is due to a number of factors. * Poverty of the country which is now in a better condition after the economic reforms in 1991 leading to economics globalization. Population explosion (1. 34 Billion in 2008) increasing the population at the fastest rates 1. 3% per year (2008). * Low Literacy Rate (63. 2%). * Low Public Expenditure by the government in Health sector, Education and Research Development. To improved the scientific status of the country there is need to control population increase literacy rate more funding in Health, Education ,Research on basics sciences and technology in the country more to go ahead to meet the challenges of the future. THANK YOU

Friday, November 22, 2019

Smart Alternatives for SAT Practice Tests

Smart Alternatives for SAT Practice Tests SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You probably already know that the gold standard for studying for the SAT is to use the official practice tests released by the College Board. Unfortunately, theSAT is getting completely redesigned after January 2016 – and there aren’t that many official questions for the new test yet. But the great news is that there are many ways to use otherresources to study effectively! Questions from other standardized tests, materials from your high school education, magazines and other publications –there is no shortage of ways to practice the knowledge and skills you’ll need for the new SAT! In this article, I’ll go through each section of the new SAT and talk about all the possible alternatives to regular practice questions. When it comes to the SAT redesign, the world really is your oyster. Which SAT Are You Studying For? After January 2016, the SAT will undergo a dramatic redesign. Each section will undergo major changes to both the format of the questions and the content that they cover. The main big picture change is that the SAT will no longer focus on testing skills and knowledge in isolation. For example, instead of checking your understanding of vocabulary or grammar through single sentences, the new SAT’s reading and writing sections will be entirely passage-based and depend a lot more on your ability to understand ideas in context. Sherlock Holmes: understandingincontext since 1887. In general, if you’re in the Class of 2016 or 2017, our advice is to take thecurrent version of the SAT (maybe even the ACT). That way you can take advantage of existing study resources. For some options, read ourroundup of the best SAT books, sometips for better test taking, and our detailed and extensive guides to the current SAT’smath,reading,writing, andessay sections. In this article, I'll describe how best to use alternative resourcesto study for the new SAT (the one that will be given after January 2016). Alternative Resources and the Best Way to Use Them Getting better scores on the SAT comes from better mastery of content and greater familiarity with format. In other words, to do well on the new SAT, you have to understand the math, grammar, logic, and writing concepts that are being tested. And at the same time, you have to have a good sense of timing and pace, the way test questions are phrased, and how the scoring system works. The best way to have the format start to feel like second nature is to use official tests from the College Board to imitate test-day conditions as closely as possible However, brushing up on the ideas and key concepts that are tested bySAT questions doesn’t have to be done only through officially released SAT materials. This is good news because there simply aren’t that many official materials available for the new test yet. In fact, since the new SAT tries to test reasoning and logicrather than your ability tospot confusing tricks, you don't need to rely quite as much on SAT guides that help you beat the test's weirdtricks. Instead, you can use published essays to help you understand how authors put arguments together, whichyou'll need for the new essay portion,or use science writing to get familiar with the way graphs and charts work as evidence, which will be key for the new reading questions. Mypoint is that the SAT is now trying to test actual real-world understanding, so using materials from that real world is a great way to build skills. Real-world knowledge? Finally, a chance to wow everyonewith my point-by-point comparison ofthe 7190 and 4504 Millennium Falcons! (R K/Flickr) In the next part of the article, I'll go through each of the new SAT’s sections and explain all the unofficialresources that can be used to study for it. Alternative Study Resources for Each New SAT Section Overall, the new SAT is a big change from the current format. But not each section has been changed to the same degree! I will go through them in order of least to greatest transformation. For a bird's-eye perspective on study approaches, you shouldreadour guide to studying for the new SAT. Math This is far and away the least changed part of the SAT, though there will be slight shiftsin question distribution. For example, there will now be fewer geometry questions and 5% of the questions will be on trigonometry. There will also be a greater emphasis on being able to interpret charts and graphs, and a general move towards more realistic scenarios for questions. Finally, there will be some multi-step questions based on a single problem. Math Content: Algebra – most questions will be about algebra concepts Geometry – now less than 10% of the test Basic trigonometry – now about 5% of the test Data interpretation – using graphs and charts Alternative Study Resources for Math Practice Tests: Old SAT math sections. These can help zero in on your knowledge and skill weaknesses, if youuse a notebook to keep track of your mistakes. These are also probably the closest to what you’ll see on test day. Companion books to official old SAT tests. Combining books that explain the answers toold SAT questionswith the notebook method could be a great way to figure out exactly why you are making the mistakes you’re making – and in turn this will help you isolate the content you need to review. Online SAT-style math questions. Although question banks written by other companies don’t tend to faithfully represent actual SAT questions, they are perfectly fine for studying content and for getting in even more practice with your math weak points. Check out ouroverview of the best question bank websites. SAT review books. There are so many of these that we have put together areview of the best ones to make your life easier. Your math textbook or an online version. Few SAT-type materials have questions on trigonometry because it has never been included on the SAT before. To review it or relearn it, you have to go back to the source. You can also tryKhan Academy’s math zone for the same thing. ACT math questions. Not only is the material covered quite similar, but the ACT also includes trigonometry. Trigonometry: where sin(gerine) / cos(gerine) = tan(gerine) Writing and Literature (previouslyReading and Writing) The old SAT’s separate Reading and Writing sections will now be combined into one section called Writing and Literature. Questions will now be entirely passage-based and will come from 1 passage on US and World Literature, 2 on History/Social Studies, and 2 on Science. Reading Content: Defining vocabulary in context – figuring out complex words through the role they play in a passage Logic and argumentation – identifying the way arguments are structured Evidence support questions – understanding how evidence is used to make arguments Data interpretation – making sense of charts and graphs used as evidence in nonfiction writing Alternative Study Resources for Reading Practice Tests: Passage-based reading questions from the old SAT. These won't be exactly like the ones on the new test, but they can help you practice context-based questions. For help onhow to tackle passage-based questions, read our guide. Passage-based reading questions in SAT review books. We havea list of the best ones for critical reading skills, so you don’t drown in the almost limitless choices out there. ACT Reading questions. The ACT Reading is also based on interpreting passages, so this is a useful source for more multiple-choice questions. GRE Reading Comprehension questions. The GRE Reading Comprehension passages (in the GRE Verbal Reasoning section of that test) are pitched at a higher level than the old SAT. If you are already a medium- to high-scoring student, thisis a great way to be exposed to more complex reading passages and questions. ACT Science questions. This suggestion may seem to come out of left field, but because the new SAT will feature data interpretation questions, ACT Science is a great place to test your graph and chart understanding skills. AP Language and AP Literature multiple choice section questions. These questions are all passage-based, and focus on the complexities of passage structure and logic. They are pitched at a higher level than the SAT, but if you do well on these, you’ll be fine on the SAT as well. Vocabulary guides. The new test will approach vocabulary very differently (only in context), but it could still help to check out ourfree set of 200 flashcardsof the most frequently occurring words on the old SAT as well as ourexplanation of the most effective way to use them. Read widely – particularly nonfiction. Books, magazines, and newspapers are great for gaining familiarity with the kind of language you will encounter on the new SAT. They'll also give you thebackground knowledge to help you understand reading passages better. Finally, they'll show you real-world examples of how charts, graphs, and other visual data representation areused as evidence in a passage. I recommend a weekly deep dive into a few articles fromWired, Grantland, The Atlantic, Slate, or FiveThirtyEight.If you have access to a subscription, you can also readThe Economist, the New York Times, Time Magazine, the magazine Science, or The New Yorker. I'll practice reading passages. I'll learn grammar and vocab. But charts and graphs? That's where I draw the line! Writing Content: Grammar – explaining grammar as it relates to the passage Punctuation rules – the proper way to use punctuation to clarify meaning Paragraph organization and logic – how individual sentences work within paragraphs, and how paragraphs are organized for logical flow Alternative Study Resources for Writing Practice Tests: Improving Passages questions on old SATs. These aren’t exactly like the questions you will find on the new SAT, but they will drill some of the same content. Grammar guides. Though there will be less gotcha-type grammar questions, you still need to know these rules of writing cold. To brush up, read through ourthorough explanation of SAT grammar. ACT English questions. These are already all passage-based and cover similar content, so they makeuseful toolsfor practicing your skills. Reading widely will help with this section as well. The more you read, the more language is embedded in your brain, the more you pick up on nuances of syntax and grammar. Read a piece of nonfiction every day! My go-to nonfiction? Science. I read a book on anti-gravity the other day, and couldn't put it down! The Essay The Essay section will be completely different on the new SAT. Not only will it now be 50 minutes long, but it will also be much closer to the essays you’ve been writing all along in high school. Essay Content: Analytical writing – you'll have to analyze an essay and explain how the author builds the argument Using evidence in your writing – your analysis should be supported by evidence from the passage (not examplesyou preslected inpreparation) Close reading – your analysis will necessarily focus not just on big-picture logic, but also deconstruct the author’s use of rhetorical devices and diction (also known as word choice) Alternative Study Resources for the Essay: AP English Language and Composition –Free Response Question 2.This part of the APtestalso asks you what the author is arguing and how the author is doing it – exactly what you will need to be able to do on the SAT. Things you learned in English class. Look through your notes, through your English class textbook, and over the essays you’ve written throughout high school to refresh your memory about the kind of writing you will have to do on this part of the SAT. Focus on close reading and learning to recognize rhetorical devices – hyperbole, figurative language, metaphors and similes, and other techniques to produce a response in the reader. Guides to the standard 5-paragraph essay. You will still be able to successfully use this format to answer the essay section of the SAT. For many explanations of the structure, search for â€Å"5-paragraph essay.† Excellent essays written by others. Reading well-written essays can help you understand how essays work and how authors structure arguments and ideas. Being very familiar with the genre makes itmuch easierto analyze the essay text you'll get on the SAT. You may pick up some helpful ideas for your own writing as well!One great source of excellent short essays isThe Electric Typewriter. What’s Next? Can’t get enough SAT books? We have more reviews of the best SAT prep books overall, and those books best suited to intense study. Want to explore more online resources? We have compiled a list of all the websites you should be using for your SAT prep. Need a break from all that studying? Relax with somefun SAT facts, feed yourcelebrity gossip cravings, and marvel at theaccomplishments of the famous. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The Global Business Environment Meeting Challenges Essay

The Global Business Environment Meeting Challenges - Essay Example The company presently has a central savoury production unit and an armada of 375 delivery vehicles present throughout the day for ensuring the punctual delivery of the fresh food to the customers. The company also is the leading employer of approximately around 20,000 people and has a future dynamic plan of installing 500 new shops in the near future and generating 6,000 new jobs. The regional bakeries prepare baked food for the daily delivery shops with expert advices and under strict supervision from the skilled bakers from 90 in- store bakeries responsible for the provision of ultimate fresh baked food (Company Overview, n.d.). Growth potential-present scenario The analysts have established the facts with their sophisticated statistical forecasting tools and inferred that around 50% of the population of UK currently is devoid of access to Greggs shops. Thus they state that there is a boosting potential for the establishment of an additional 600 shops in the United Kingdom in the n ext few years (Growing Greggs, n.d.). Fig. 1. Dynamic Growth Potential (Growing Greggs, n.d.) The above diagram depicts the positive and rising growth potential forecasted by the analyst. Focus of the paper The paper emphasizes on the analysis of several factors affecting the financial health of the company initially with the macroeconomic environment analysis with respect to the famous PESTEL analysis and subsequently the microeconomic variables including customers, competitors and collaboration. Having a transparent insight about the factors affecting the company the focus will be shifted on the SWOT analysis in order to analyze the strengths, weaknesses opportunities and threats the company faces with an endeavor to formulate optimal strategies to ensure the forecasted escalating growth potential and reaping huge revenue generation along with the spreading of the reputation of the company to an all new dimension. A short insight on the financial health and performance of the comp any Before entering into the detailed analysis a short glimpse of the financial operations of the company needs to be mentioned. The year 2011 was indeed a challenging year for the company with respect to the economy and the consumers. The performance of the company was noteworthy in 2011 and has maintained the pace of progress towards the attainment of the strategic objectives with the record number of openings of shops across UK as well as investment in two major bakeries in Newcastle and Cumbria. A five period analysis (2006-2010) of the company’s financial health with respect to the key performance indicators (although trhere are many four of them are discussed) can be seen from the graphical analysis provided as below: A) Like-for-like sales growth Fig.2 The Like-for-like Sales growth figure (Annual Report & accounts, 2010, p. 18) The variable Like-for-like sales growth performs the comparison of year on year cash sales in the core shops of the company and is not distort ed by the opening or the closure of the shops. The refitted shops are included in the like-for-like comparison unless there have been significant changes in the trading space. The growth of the Like-for-like sales also incorporates the selling price inflation. Year 2009 was a 53 week year affecting the total sales growth for that year and also

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Blood diamonds, how they originated and what's been done to clamp down Essay

Blood diamonds, how they originated and what's been done to clamp down on the industry - Essay Example However, militant groups gain access to diamonds fields in order to get access to money. The main reason that Diamonds have been able to fund civil wars is not just because they are present in conflict regions but also because diamonds are a concentrated form of wealth. Moreover they are fungible and are dealt by smugglers and arms dealers. Diamond trade is considered to be a very shady business considering that this business has financed and ‘funded wars, massive death, and refugee crisis in Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and Cote d’Ivoire’ (Bieri, 1). Diamond mines are often accompanied with some militant groups who want to control the diamonds mines in order to fulfill their own agendas. Many civil wars have been fought where the only source of funding for the militant groups were diamonds that were traded legally in the diamond market. The money received from these deals was then used to buy weapons to further fund civil wars. Even to this date, trade of blood diamonds continues as militant groups have been replaced by terrorist organizations such as the Al-Qaeda. Reports on blood diamonds and Al-Qaeda have revealed that Al-Qaeda has been funded to some extent by blood diamonds (Campbell, 213). Blood Diamonds have been the cause of many crimes against humanity. Militant groups that deal with blood diamonds require the services of the local people to mine these diamonds. The local people are forced to work pathetically in diamond mines just out of fear of these militant groups. In order to instill fear among the masses, a militant group by the name of RUF, amputated lips, ears, legs, breasts, and tongues of the local people. The trade of blood diamonds has also been the cause of 4 million deaths. In the 1990s, before relevant steps were taken to curb the problem, conflict diamond trade amounted to be between 3.7-20 percent of the total global diamond trade (Bieri, 1). All these diamonds were

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Education - Teacher Essay Example for Free

Education Teacher Essay Discussion of aim of education is a function of the philosophy of education or educational theory. The aim of education in the fullest and deepest sense of the word is in keeping with the nature of the human personality or human nature. Human nature is defined in terms of the cultivation and development of perceptive intelligence based on experience i. e. creative intelligence. Creative intelligence or intuition combines reason of understanding with wisdom of compassion depends on human awakening or enlightenment. aim of education is to cultivate creative intelligence required for adaptation to changes in the social environment i. e. adaptability. Life is very complex and complicated. But an aim in life can make the complex life simple and purposeful. Aims give us direction to work and without aim, destination, or objective life becomes incomplete and haphazard. Individual has different interests, attitudes and needs. Every individual wants to achieve certain goals in life. But a clear-cut aim makes the road of life easy. Educational aims are varied. They have their different role in different fields. Some specific aims are listed below: (i) Knowledge Aim: The aim of education is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes. It helps to adjust properly in one’s own environment. Knowledge helps the man to overcome the nature and satisfy human wants. It links the teacher and taught with social situation. It helps with certain skills to live in a society as human being and civilized one. Philosophers and educationists of the world believe in knowledge. It is the valuable asset of life, which helps the individual to overcome misery and problems of life. (ii) Vocational Aim: Knowledge aim of education is narrow by nature. The theoretical knowledge will never meet our basic needs of life. We need bread and butter to fill up our belly. We can get it if education is vocationalised. Gandhiji realized it in 1937 when he introduced Basic Education. Vocational aim develops the social efficiency of the individual. It reduces mental tension after completion of education. Those who are lower, intelligence in vocational education or training are a blessing for them. Realizing this aspect. Indian Education Commission (1964-66) introduces work-experience in the curriculum. (iii) Character Building Aim: The Indian concept of education believes in self-realization. Self-realization is possible through moral education. So the individual should cultivate moral virtues or values which constitute character. Swami Vivekananda said, â€Å"We want that education by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded and by which one can stand on one’s own feet. † (iv) Complete-Living Aim: The individual has various aspects to be developed. Every aspect of the personality is reflected in various activities to be performed. Education should help the individual to fulfill the various needs and necessities of life like self-preservation, fulfilling necessities of life, rearing and bearing of children, performing civic responsibilities and utilizing his leisure time properly. Firstly, the individual must know the art of self-preservation. Secondly, education should enable to him to earn his living. Thirdly, he should know how to take care of his own children. Lastly, he must have the idea how to utilize the leisure hours properly in a profiting manner. (v) Harmonious: Development of the personality aim- Gandhiji said, â€Å"By education, I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in the child and man-body, mind and spirit. † The meaning itself indicates to develop all-round aspects of individual-physical, intellectual, social and spiritual. All these aspects of the individual should be harmoniously developed. True education is development of 3H’s instead of 3R’s. The development of Head, Heart and hand of an individual makes him happy. (vi) Democratic Aim of Education: One of the important aims and objective of education suggested by Secondary Education Commission (1952-54) is to develop the democratic citizenship. India is a democratic country. Even citizen must have to realize the duties and responsibilities carefully. So the aim of education is to train carefully the future citizens. Training should be provided to develop the following qualities of the individual. (i) Capacity for clear thinking (ii) Receptivity of new idea (iii) Clarity in speech and writing (iv) True patriotism Further the democratic aim of education develop vocational efficiency, personality and leadership quality. Indian Education Commission (1964-66) under the chairmanship of Dr. D. S. Kothari suggested the following as the aims of education in a democratic set-up. (i) Increasing productivity (ii) Developing social and national integrity (iii) Making education modernized and (iv) Cultivating of social, moral and spiritual values. Each individual teacher has an opinion about what the aim of education should be, not only in their own classroom but also in school in general. Many issues occur when differing opinions about the purpose of education collide. It is important to recognize that other people, including many of your coworkers, administrators, and your students parents might have a different point of view concerning what education should be all about. Following is a list of different aims of education that individuals might espouse. 1. Knowledge to Get By. This old school belief holds that school is important in providing students with the knowledge they need to get by in their day-to-day lives. They need to know how to read, write, and do arithmetic. Even though these core topics form the foundation of a students education, most educators today would probably not agree that this should be the extent of a students school career. 2. Knowledge of Subject Matter Being Taught The purpose of education to some teachers is to impart knowledge about the subject matter they are teaching without much thought to other classes. When taken to the extreme, these teachers focus on their own subject matter as being more important than what students are learning in other classes. For example, teachers who are unwilling to compromise their own subject matter for the good of the students can cause problems for the school at large. When the school I taught at tried to implement senior projects, we got push back from a couple of teachers who were not willing to change their lessons to include cross curricular activities. 3. Desire to Create Thoughtful Citizens. This might be considered another old school belief. However, this is held by many individuals, especially within the larger community. Students will some day be a part of a community and need the skills and mores to exist within that society as thoughtful citizens. For example, they will need to be able to vote in presidential elections. 4. To Gain Self Esteem and Confidence While the self esteem movement often gets ridiculed, we do want our students to feel confident about their learning abilities. The problem comes in with inflated self esteem not based on reality. However, this is often cited as an aim of the educational system. 5. To Learn How to Learn Learning how to learn is one of the key elements of education. Schools need to teach students how to find information they will need once they leave school. Therefore, the specific subject matter being taught is not as important for future personal success as is the ability for students to understand how to find answers for any questions and problems that might arise. 6. Lifelong Habits for Work. Many of the lessons that schools teach are necessary for success in their students future lives. As adults, they will need to be able to get to work on time, dress and behave appropriately, and get their work done in a timely manner. These lessons are reinforced on a daily basis in schools around the nation. Some individuals see this as one of the main reasons for sending students to school. 7. To Teach Students How to Live Finally, some individuals look at school in a more holistic manner. They see it as the means towards right living for the rest of their lives. Not only do students learn information in their individual subjects, but they also learn life lessons in and out of class. As previously explained, proper work etiquette is reinforced in the classroom. Further, students have to learn how to deal with others in a cooperative manner. Finally, they learn about how to learn information they might need in the future. In fact, one of the things that many business leaders cite as being necessary for future workers is the ability to work as part of a team and problem solve.